Vision Quiz

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This quiz covers topics related to the sense of sight or vision. Have fun!

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Question 1

Which part of the eye gives you characteristic blue-eyes, or brown-eyes, etc?

	iris
	pupil Hint: Not this one. You’ll see this as an opening located at the center of your eyes.
	cornea Hint: Think again. This one is a thin, transparent layer covering the iris and pupil.
	retina Hint: Try again. The retina is where you will find the rods and cones.

Question 1 Explanation:

That was easy, right? The iris is that part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It has pigments varying in color, depending on an individual’s inherited trait. You can see more of this in the introduction for the sense of vision here.

Question 2

What happens to the pupil of the eye when you go inside a dark room?

	The pupils expand or become larger to let more light in.
	The pupil size gets smaller. Hint: Think about this: You need more light to go into your eyes, so what should happen to the pupil?
	The pupils does not change as you move from a room with light to a dark room. Hint: Definitely not. Should the pupil increase or decrease in size?
	The pupils becomes rounder as you move to a dark room. Hint: Pupil shape doesn’t vary but its size does. Should it get smaller or bigger? That should be an easy one for you :)

Question 2 Explanation:

Great job! The pupils vary in size because of the iris to regulate the amount of light that enters the eyes. If there’s too much light, the iris contracts, thus reducing the pupil size and vice versa. More of this can be seen in the following video.

Question 3

What is true about the cones?

	It allows us to see fine details.
	It helps us in black and white vision. Hint: This is true for rods. Now, cones are different, and since they can help us with color vision, what type of images can we see? Are they blurry, vague or finer images? Get it?
	The cones are more sensitive to light than rods. Hint: Rods are more sensitive to light. You got it mixed up. But, you’re getting there. I know you can do it this time.
	It takes lesser light for cones to be activated than what would be needed in activating rods. Hint: It actually takes more. Think a little bit harder.

Question 3 Explanation:

That’s right! Because the cones help us with color vision, it makes it easier for us to identify the finer details of what we see. You can see more of this in this video and in more detail here

Question 4

What is the main role of phosphodiesterase (PDE) that leads to vision or how we are able to detect light?

	conversion of cyclic-GMP molecule to GMP
	free up the binding site in the opsin Hint: Oh, you have to try again. This step happens after a cis-retinol changes to trans-retinol causing it to lose its attraction for the opsin molecule, and resulting for retinol to leave and thus exposing a binding site on the opsin.
	conversion of GDP to GTP Hint: I know you can do better than that. The exposed binding site in the opsin molecule catalyzes this reaction. At this stage, PDE doesn’t come into place yet.
	A transducin sub-unit attaches to an alpha subunit Hint: You are getting closer. What happens next after the second alpha subunit is detached from the PDE? What does PDE actually do?

Question 4 Explanation:

You’re a genius! This step happens after a series of events leading to the release of PDE from the alpha subunits attached to it and in return, with PDE converting c-GMP to GMP. You can view this in more detail in this video.

Question 5

What is the net result in the rods after light has come in to the eyes?

	Hyperpolarization of the membranes decreasing neurotransmitter release.
	Depolarization of the membranes increasing neurotransmitter release. Hint: Quite the opposite. The answer should now be pretty obvious :)
	A burst of action potentials that travel to axons to the brain. Hint: You got to try again. This burst happens somewhere from the ganglion cells to the brain.
	Hypopolarization of the membranes. Hint: You got to do better than that. Think of what happens to the c-GMP-gated sodium channels and its effect on the process.

Question 5 Explanation:

As the phosphodiesterase (PDE) is activated and it gets rid of c-GMP to convert it to GMP, the c-GMP-gated sodium channels close, blocking sodium entry into the cell. This causes the membrane to be hyperpolarized and then, decreases neurotransmitter release. More of this is explained in these videos: Episode 031 and Episode 032.

Question 6

Where in the retina specifically is the light focused to by the lens so that we get to see objects in more detail?

	fovea
	ganglion cells Hint: No, not here. Come on, I know you’ll get it.
	bipolar cells Hint: Try somewhere else in the retina. The area that we’re looking for consists of a large amount of cones. I know you know this :)
	rods Hint: No. Think about this: The area that we’re looking consists of large amounts of the other sensory receptor.

Question 6 Explanation:

The fovea is a very important region because it has a large amount of cones. And, if you can remember, cones helps us with color vision which helps us to see a lot of details. IF you want to review more on this, you can check Episodes 031, 032, and 033 to help you understand the subject more.

Question 7

During intense stimulation from rods or cones, which cells in the retina is responsible for lateral inhibition to enhance visual edges?

	horizontal cells
	ganglion cells Hint: In the retina, it is usually in the ganglion cells where a burst of action potentials occur which travel to axons and then, to the brain. Pick another guess. I know this time, you know what it is.
	bipolar cells Hint: In the retina, bipolar cells usually make synapses with rods or cones and connects with the ganglion cells on the other end. Think about a type of cell that sometimes come in between the bipolar cells and ganglion cells. I guess, you now know what it is :)
	basilar cells Hint: Not related at all to the retina of the eye. You have to think harder. I know you’ll get it this time.

Question 7 Explanation:

These cells go laterally in the retina and connects with multiple rods and even some cones. Once the retina receives intense stimulation from a group of rods, some horizontal cells inhibit some of the other cells. For a clearer and more detailed explanation, you can review the video here.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true about a stimulation that occurs in the center of a ganglion cell’s receptive field?

	Stimulation occurs in rods or cones which are connected to the ganglion cells via bipolar AND horizontal cells.
	Stimulation occurs in rods or cones directly connected to a bipolar cell that is directly connected to a ganglion cell. Hint: This is true. You might want to pick another one. I’m sure you’ll get it this time.
	A response with an increase in the membrane potential causing depolarization and thus, a burst of nerve impulses occurs in the ganglion cells. Hint: Very true.If stimulation occurs” on surround,” then exactly the opposite happens.
	Nerve impulses do NOT happen after stimulation or do not go through post-inhibitory rebound. Hint: This one’s a fact since post-inhibitory rebound happens when a rod or cones is stimulated in the surround of the ganglion cell’s receptive field. Try again. I’ve got a feeling you’ll get it this time.

Question 8 Explanation:

Very good! This is not the case for a stimulation that occurs “on center” of a ganglion cell’s receptive field rather, this is what we refer to as being “ on surround” of the ganglion cell’s receptive field because of thre presence of horizontal cells. A deeper and clearer explanation can be found in this video regarding this topic.

Question 9

What is the specific visual pigment found in rods?

	rhodopsin
	melanin Hint: No. this is rather a skin pigment. Try another one. I’m pretty sure you’ll get it this time.
	carotene Hint: No, that’s not it. Give it another try. I know you’ll remember what it is.
	photpsin Hint: No, this one is actually found in cones. Give it another try and I’m confident you’ll pick the right one.

Question 9 Explanation:

That’s great! This is the pigment found in rods and is made up of the protein opsin and retinol. To learn about its role in visual processing, you can find more details and a clearer in depth explanation in this video.

Question 10

What are the two components of the visual pigment rhodopsin, which is found in rods?

	retinol and opsin
	retinol and ferritin Hint: Try again. One of these proteins is not found in rhodopsin but instead serves a different purpose.
	retinol and hemoglobin Hint: Oh, you need to pick another guess. One of these is not related to rhodopsin.
	hemoglobin and opsin Hint: I know you’ll make it, please try again. One of these is not related to rhodopsin.

Question 10 Explanation:

Excellent job! These proteins play an important role in visual processing. As light enters and hits the rhodopsin, retinol undergoes some kind of conformational change exposing the binding site in the opsin. For a more detailed explanation, you can watch this video.

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Vision Quiz

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